1999:

– September 13: A Moscow apartment building is destroyed by a bomb, leaving 118 dead.

2002:

– October 23-26: Rebels from the separatist Caucasus republic of Chechnya take hostage more than 800 people attending a musical in Moscow. 130 hostages are killed, almost all of them by a gas used by special forces to subdue the gunmen before storming the theatre.

2003:

– July 5: Two female suicide bombers, at least one of Chechen origin, kill 15 people, as well as themselves, at a Moscow rock concert.

– December 5: Forty-six people die in a bomb attack on a Russian commuter train just north of Chechnya.

2004:

– February 6: A bomb rips through a packed Moscow subway train during the morning rush hour, killing 41 people.

– August 24: Two passenger planes that have just taken off from Moscow are blown up in coordinated bombings, killing 90 people.

– September 1-3: Chechen separatists take some 1,200 children, teachers and parents hostage at a school in Beslan, North Ossetia. The siege ends in a shootout that kills at least 344 people, half of them children, and 31 rebels.

2009:

– November 27: The bombing of a passenger train running from Moscow to Saint Petersburg kills 28 people. Islamists claim responsibility.

2010:

– March 29: Forty people are killed when two female suicide bombers blow themselves up in metro stations in central Moscow.

– September 9: Seventeen people are killed by a car bomb near a market in the Russian Caucasus city of Vladikavkaz in North Ossetia.

2011:

– January 24: A suicide bombing kills 37 people at Moscow’s Domodedovo international airport.

2012:

– May 4: At least 14 people are killed and more than 120 injured in twin car blasts in the restive North Caucasus region of Dagestan just days before Vladimir Putin’s return to the Kremlin for a third term.

– August 28: A female suicide bomber posing as a Muslim pilgrim in Dagestan kills seven, including an Islamic scholar.

2013:

– May 20: Eight people are killed in a double car bombing outside a building used by court bailiffs in the Dagestani capital of Makhachkala.

– October 21: A suicide bomber sets off a blast on a bus packed with students in Volgograd, killing six.

– December 29: A female suicide bomber kills 16 in a strike on Volgograd’s main train station, heightening security fears just six weeks before Russia hosts the Winter Olympics.