What now for Puigdemont in Belgium?

Catalonia’s deposed separatist leader Carles Puigdemont and four of his allies turned themselves in to Belgian police on Sunday ahead of a court appearance to decide whether they should be extradited to Spain.

A judge will decide whether to detain or release them after warrants were issued for their arrest on charges of rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds following the Catalan separatists’ push to break away from Spain.

– What would the arrest warrant mean? –

European arrest warrants were introduced in 2004 to replace lengthy extradition processes within the EU, making it easier to return fugitives suspected of serious crimes.

They can be issued for crimes where the maximum penalty is at least one year in prison or where the fugitive has already been sentenced to at least four months in prison.

The judicial authority and police in the receiving country, in this case Belgium, are sent the warrant and tasked with arresting and returning the suspect.

After arresting the suspect, the country has a maximum of 60 days to send him or her back, though in practice most people held under European arrest warrants are returned much more quickly.

Of the 140,000 such arrest warrants issued around Europe between 2005 and 2014, 38 percent of suspects were found, of whom nearly three-quarters were sent back, official EU figures show.

– Could Belgium reject it? –

In Puigdemont’s case, the rebellion charge can bring a 30-year sentence, and Belgian lawyer Maxime Home said that if the warrant was issued “there would be very little room for Belgium to refuse it.”

There are avenues of appeal but they succeed “extremely rarely”, Home told AFP.

“The basic idea with the European arrest warrant is that you have confidence in the fundamental rights situation in the issuing country. With Spain, you’re not talking about a country that practises torture,” Home said.

Puigdemont has denounced the Spanish legal proceedings as a “political trial” seeking to “punish ideas”.

Anne Weyembergh, an expert in European law at the Free University of Brussels, said an arrest warrant could in theory be refused on the grounds that it would go against fundamental rights, but cautioned that such cases were very rare.

“These are really exceptional cases. I only know of one in Belgium,” she said. “It would be necessary for Puigdemont and his lawyer to show that there was a genuine threat to his fundamental rights.”

– Could he be questioned in Belgium? –

Puigdemont’s Belgian lawyer Paul Bekaert has said his client will not go to Spain and suggested the Spanish authorities question him in Belgium instead.

This can be done if a Spanish judge makes a formal request — either by Madrid providing a list of questions to be put by a Belgian police officer or by sending a judge to ask the questions in person.

– Could Puigdemont claim asylum? –

EU citizens can claim asylum in Belgium, according to the country’s GRA refugee agency.

But Puigdemont has denied planning to do so, and even if he did, the chances of success would seem to be very slight.

“It’s quite exceptional to obtain asylum for a citizen of a European Union country,” Dirk Van Den Bulck of the GRA told FORT television.

Belgium will consider asylum applications from other EU countries, but works on the principle that members of the bloc are safe and respect human rights. In the last five years Belgium has not granted asylum to any EU citizens.

Puigdemont would have to prove a “threat of persecution” in his country of origin and an impossibility of being protected there, Van Den Bulck said.

– What are the implications for Belgium? –

The Spanish standoff is already causing problems for the Belgian government led by Prime Minister Charles Michel, who rules in a coalition with Flemish separatists sympathetic to the Catalan cause.

The French-speaking Belgian leader was quick to stress that his government had “not undertaken any step to encourage Mr Puigdemont’s arrival on Belgian soil” and warned him not to expect special treatment.

But Michel’s immigration minister Theo Francken, from the Flemish separatist N-VA party, said Belgium could offer asylum to Puigdemont, infuriating Spain.

The EU and its member states have been resolute in their support for Madrid during the Catalan independence crisis, but Michel has been more muted, calling for dialogue to resolve the standoff.