A major new exhibition, which opened at Berlin's Jewish Museum, argues it was no coincidence that the biggest superheroes including Superman, Spiderman, Batman and the Hulk were all created by Jewish comic artists.
"Heroes, Freaks and Superrabbis -- the Jewish Colour of Comics" looks at 45 of the most successful comic creators, overwhelmingly children of European Jewish families who had emigrated to New York.
As comic books entered their golden age in the 1930s and 1940s, the most iconic superheroes were products of those troubled times, even taking on Adolf Hitler and his Nazi henchmen before the Americans did.
"The point of the exhibition isn't to say comics are a Jewish speciality," said Anne Helene Hoog, one of the curators.
"Rather, it looks at the question why so many Jews became comic artists, and what issues preoccupied them."
In February 1940, nearly two years before Pearl Harbor, "How Superman Would End the War" by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster has the Man of Steel making quick work of the diminutive Nazi leader.
People walk past a Superman figure by German artist Marcus Wittmers displayed in front of Berlin's Jewish Museum on 30 April 2010, to advertise the museum's current exhibition "Heroes, Freaks and Superrabbis -- the Jewish Colour of Comics"
"I'd like to land a strictly non-Aryan sock on your jaw, but there's no time for that!" Superman tells a grovelling Hitler as he dispatches him to Switzerland to face justice, along with Stalin to boot.
A month later, Captain America by Jack Kirby (born Jacob Kurtzberg) and Joe Simon thwarts a Nazi plot to invade America with a wallop to the Fuehrer's nose in a legendary cover sketch.
Hoog said the superheroes were often depicted, like their artists, as outsiders who, with an immigrant's deep patriotism, battle to save their adopted home country from an outside threat.
That image resonated powerfully at a time when the world appeared to be falling apart, Hoog said.
Deep need for superheroes
"In light of the failure of democracy in Europe, it was clear that young people -- particularly the children of immigrants, poor people, refugees -- confronted with misery, fear, violence, injustice and finally extermination, were alarmed by what was happening in the world," she said.
"In the 1930s, there was a deep need for superheroes," she added, and Jewish artists were happy to oblige.
Although none of the major superheroes were overtly Jewish, their heroic journeys were often steeped in Old Testament imagery, noted Jewish Museum programme director Cilly Kugelmann.
"Like Moses, Superman was discovered as an apparently abandoned baby and raised by the people who found him," she said, adding that the character also had roots in Greek mythology, Germanic tales and the story of Jesus Christ.
Even "Shazam!", the magic word that turns young Billy Batson into 1970s-era Captain Marvel, had quasi-Jewish roots. The word is an acronym for the legendary heroes who inspire him and the first letter, "S", stands for wise King Solomon of Israel.
Many of the comic artists worked as paper boys when they were young in the 1920s, selling newspapers amid the tenements on New York's Lower East Side, where their love for the "funnies" was born.
After the war, with time Jewish graphic novelists began confronting the Holocaust tentatively at first, culminating in the harrowing Pulitzer-prize-winning Maus series by Art Spiegelman.
In the two volumes published in 1986 and 1991, Spiegelman tells the story of his Shoah-survivor father, a Polish-born Jew, and the author's own feelings of guilt and rage toward him as he was growing up.
With his literary ambition, Spiegelman revolutionised the genre.
Robert Crumb, “ZAP,” Nr.8, 1974, Apex Novelties, San Francisco
Comics also accompanied the counterculture movement of the 1960s, with Mad magazine and subversive "comix" by Jewish women such as Trina Roberts and Aline Kominsky-Crumb.
Hoog said a current of irony runs through many of the works, highlighting Steve Sheinkin's "The Adventures of Rabbi Harvey" and "Rabbi Harvey Rides Again" about a Jewish cleric superhero in the Wild West.
Punctuating the point, a caped Superman statue outside the museum shows him crashed into the pavement, with Krypton blood trickling from his head. The sculpture is called "Even Superheroes Have Bad Days".
The Berlin exhibition was conceived in cooperation with the Museum of Art and History of Judaism in Paris and the Jewish Historical Museum in Amsterdam, which each had previous shows that have been adapted and expanded here.
It features more than 200 original comics, including rare sketches signed by the artists, and runs until 8 August.
AFP/ Deborah Cole/ Expatica
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If Superman had had his way, Hitler would have wound up begging for mercy before the League of Nations in Geneva in 1940, and there would never have been an Auschwitz.
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